Meaning and Functions of Norwegian-Turkish Vernacular Space in Drammen, Norway
Keywords:
heterotopia, immigrant neighborhoods, Norway, Turkey, vernacular space
Abstract
This paper discusses the functions and meaning of Norwegian-Turkish vernacular space in Norway. Employing the Foucauldian concept of heterotopia, it analyzes Turkish ethnic clubs in Drammen - a midsized city situated in the western part of Norway. In 2013, 25% of the city’s inhabitants were of an immigrant background with the majority (13.5%) being of Turkish origin (Høydahl, 2014). Most of them arrived in the city as “guest workers” in the late 1960s and 1970s, and were followed afterwards by other members of their families. Due to their prolonged residence, they have managed to make an imprint on the city’s landscape. This study shows that Norwegian-Turkish ethnic clubs are heterotopias of Norwegian society, in a Foucauldian understanding of the term. They embody practices, discourses and signs of identity originating from Turkey, being at the same time ordered by the rules of Norwegian society. I argue that those transnational spaces, labeled as “foreign,” and linked to Turkey, bear strong influences from the host society and should be regarded as Norwegian-Turkish, rather than Turkish.References
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Bolt, G., & van Kempen, R. (2002). Moving up or moving down? Housing careers of Turks and Moroccans in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Housing Studies, 17(3), 401–422.
Çaglar, A. S. (2001). Constraining metaphors and the transnationalisation of spaces in Berlin. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 601–613.
Çaglar, A. S. (2004). Mediascapes, Advertisement Industries and Cosmopolitan Transformations: German Turks in Germany. New German Critique (92):39-61.
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Dehaene, M., & De Cauter, L. (Eds.). (2008). Heterotopia and the city: Public space in a postcivil society. Routledge Taylor & Francis.
Ehrkamp, P. (2005). Placing identities: Transnational practices and local attachments of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 345–364.
Foucault, M. (1984). Of other spaces, heterotopias. Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité, 5. Translation available from http://foucault.info/doc/documents/heterotopia/foucault-heterotopia-en-html
Güney, S.; Kabaş, B. & Pekman, C. (2016). The Existential Struggle of Second-Generation Turkish Immigrants in Kreuzberg: Answering Spatiotemporal Change. Space and Culture. (1206331216643781):1-16.
Hanhörster, H. (2000). Whose neighbourhood is it? Ethnic diversity in urban spaces in Germany. GeoJournal, 51(4), 329–338.
Høydahl, E. (2014). Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre i Drammen. SSB (Statistics Norway). Retrieved from www.ssb.no
Johnson, P. (2006). Unravelling Foucault’s “different spaces.” History of the Human Sciences, 19(4), 75–90.
Kesteloot, C., & Mistiaen, P. (1997). From ethnic minority niche to assimilation: Turkish restaurants in Brussels. Area, 29(4), 325–334.
Krase, J., & Shortell, T. (2011). On the spatial semiotics of vernacular landscapes in global cities. Visual Communication, 10(3), 367–400.
Inowlocki, L. & Lutz H. (2000) Hard Labour: The ‘Biographical Work’ of a Turkish Migrant Woman in Germany. European Journal of Women's Studies 7(3):301-319.
Özüekren, A. S. (2003). Ethnic concentration at the neighbourhood block level: Turks in a Greater Stockholm suburb (1989 and 1999). Housing, Theory and Society, 20(4), 172–182.
Pécoud, A. (2004). Entrepreneurship and identity: Cosmopolitanism and cultural competencies among German-Turkish businesspeople in Berlin. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(1), 3–20.
Rogstad, J. (2009) Towards a Success Story? Turkish Immigrant Organizations in Norway. Turkish Studies 10(2):277-294.
Sandrup, T. (2013) Farfars hus: norsktyrkiske familier : innvandrede utvandrere. PhD Thesis, University of Oslo: Unipub.
Savaş, Ö. (2014). Taste diaspora: The aesthetic and material practice of belonging. Journal of Material Culture 19(2):185-208.
Smets, P., & Kreuk, N. (2008). Together or separate in the neighbourhood?: Contacts between natives and Turks in Amsterdam. The Open Urban Studies Journal, 1, 35–47.
Søholt, S., & Lynnebakke, B. (2015). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(14), 2314–2335.
Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Soysal, L. (2001). Diversity of Experience, Experience of Diversity: Turkish Migrant Youth Culture in Berlin. Cultural Dynamics 13(1):5-28.
Zirh, B. C. (2012) Following the dead beyond the ‘nation’: a map for transnational Alevi funerary routes from Europe to Turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies 35(10):1758-1774.
Published
2016-09-23
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